In this linear communication model, communication is like giving an injection: a sender encodes ideas and feelings into some sort of message and then conveys them by means of a channel (speech, writing and so on)
into a receiver, who decodes the message…The linear model also introduces the concept of noise—a term used by
social scientists to describe any forces that interfere with the effective
communication process. Three types of
noise can disrupt communication—external, physiological, and psychological (Adler & Rodman, 2000).
External
Noise
(also called physical noise) includes
those factors outside the receiver that can make it difficult to hear, as well
as many other kinds of distractions. For instance, too much cigarette smoke in
a crowd might make it hard for you to pay attention to another person,
and sitting in the rear of an auditorium might make it difficult for you to
hear the speaker. External noise can disrupt communication almost anywhere in
our model—in the sender, channel, message, or receiver.
Psychological
Noise refers to forces within a communicator that
interfere with the ability to express or understand a message accurately. For
instance, a student might become so upset upon learning that she failed a test
that she would be unable or unwilling to
understand clearly where she went wrong.
According
to Adler and Rodman (2000), ‘A linear model shows that communicators often
occupy different environments—fields
of experience that help them understand others’ behaviour. In communication
terminology, environment refers not only to a physical location but
also to the personal experiences and cultural background that participants
bring to a conversation.
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